annotated bibliography
Primary Sources
A Broken Trust the Hawaiian Homelands Program: Seventy Years of Failure of the Federal and State Governments to Protect the Civil Rights of Native Hawaiians. Washington, D.C.: Commission, 1991. Print.
This report describes many of the disadvantages that Native Hawaiians have faced because they have been denied their native tenant rights. This highlighted the lasting impacts of the Great Māhele and the Kuleana Act.
Chinen, Jon J. Original Land Titles in Hawaii. Honolulu?: n.p., 1961. Print.
This source talks about how land was distributed before the Kuleana Act of 1850 took its toll in Hawaiʻi. The information gathered from this was about the ahupuaʻa system and the significance of that system in the Hawaiian society.
Chinen, Jon J. The Great Mahele: Hawaii's Land Division of 1848. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii, 1966. Print.
This source explained the effects of the Great Māhele in 1848. This document provided important information concerning the events that led up to the Kuleana Act that impacted the rest of the Hawaiian population.
Cooper, Bradley H. K. A Trust Divided Cannot Stand: An Analysis of Native Hawaiian Land Rights. 2nd ed. Vol. 67. Honolulu, HI: Temple Law Review, 1994. Print.
This source provided analysis of Native Hawaiian tenant rights as a whole. This added to the background information concerning Native Hawaiian tenant rights and discussed some of the Native Hawaiian land trust.
Hasager, Ulla. Indigenous Rights, Praxis, and Social Institutions. University of Hawaii. Web. 15 Nov. 2013.
This report discussed where Native Hawaiian rights stand in modern society. This piece broke down tenant rights to a basic level and described some of the development of native tenant rights.
Hawaiian Laws, 1841-1842. Green Valley, NV: T. Adameck, 1994. Print.
This piece served as a primary source because it recounted the content of the Constitution of 1840 and other laws that were established in Hawai‘i nearly a decade before the Great Māhele and the Kuleana Act. This source provided understanding about how the Kuleana Act infringed upon Native Hawaiian tenant rights.
Kay, E. A., Robert C. Schmitt, and Helen G. Chapin. Hawaiian Journal of History. Vol. 30. Honolulu: Hawaiian Historical Society, 1996. Print.
This source talked about the impact that the Kuleana Act of 1850 made in Hawaiʻi. It also talked about the externalities that took effect.
Laenui, Pōkā. Hawaiian Indigenous Rights, Decolonization & Democratic Ideals: A Tough Balancing Act! Waianae, HI: Institute for the Advancement of Hawaiian Affairs, 1994. Print.
This source traced the colonization of Hawai‘i by recounting the immigration of foreigners. This provided an understanding of the origin of the Great Māhele, which divided land among Hawaiian chiefs and foreigners. Finally, this work recounted the effects of the arrival of foreigners on native tenant rights.
Perkins, Mark U. "Kuleana: A Genealogy Of Native Tenant Rights." Diss. University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, 2013. Print.
This document provided valuable understanding of Native Hawaiian tenant rights before and after the Great Māhele and Kuleana Act. This dissertation was also valuable because of the information it provided concerning native tenant rights cases in more recent years.
Preza, Donovan C. The Emperical Writes Back: Re-Examining Hawaiian Dispossession Resulting From The Māhele of 1848. N.p.: n.p., 2010. Print.
This source re-examines the results of the Kuleana Act and how it impacted the people of Hawiʻi.
Secondary Sources
Armitage, Kimo, and Solomon Enos. Akua Hawaiʻi: Hawaiian Gods and Their Stories. Honolulu, HI: Bishop Museum, 2005. Print.
This was a secondary source that provided insight into Hawaiian legends, particularly the story of Hāloa. Because these stories have been passed down from one generation to the next, this source could potentially be classified as primary as well.
Benjamin, Patricia. "Untitled Document." Untitled Document. N.p., 18 Jan. 2001. Web. 27 Jan. 2014.
This is an image showing how commoners in Hawaiʻi would survive off the land using the resources within their ahupuaʻa. If the resources needed were not at hand, they would go to another ahupuaʻa and ask permission for that resource.
Bookin, Levi. "Third Reich History: March 7." Third Reich History: March 7. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Feb. 2014. <http://kb.com.tripod.com/0307.html>.
This source is a website showing a timeline from the beginning of the Great Māhele in 1848 to the cold war in 1945. It gives a brief summary of what the Great Māhele was about.
Castele, Nick. "Report on Hawaii's Homeless Doesn't Tell Whole Story." Honolulu Civil Beat. Peer News LLC, 11 Nov. 2011. Web. 28 Jan. 2014. <http://www.civilbeat.com/articles/2011/11/23/13985-report-on-hawaiis-homeless-doesnt-tell-whole-story/>.
This is a report talking about Hawaiʻi’s homeless and how the Kuleana Act of 1850 is not the only contribution to the population of homelessness in Hawaiʻi.
Garovoy, Jocelyn B. "Integrating Kuleana Rights and Land Trust Priorities in Hawai‘i." Harvard Environmental Law Review 29 (2005): 523-71. Harvard is Environmental Law Review. Web. 12 Nov. 2013. <http://www.law.harvard.edu/students/orgs/elr/vol29_2/garovoy.pdtttf>.
This secondary source described many of the issues that Hawaiians and lawmakers face as they attempt to understand and incorporate Native Hawaiian tenant rights into modern laws. This piece definitely put many of these modern challenges with the Kuleana Act into perspective.
"Hawaii Homelessness." Honolulu Civil Beat. Peer News LLC, 2010-2013. Web. 28 Jan. 2014. <http://www.civilbeat.com/topics/hawaii-homelessness/>.
This is another article talking about the problems that homelessness is creating for Hawaiʻi. It shows the externalities that homelessness has in Hawaiʻi and the impact that it is making not only on Hawaiian society, but for tourists in Waikīkī as well.
Preza, Donovan C. The Emperical Writes Back: Re-examining Hawaiian Dispossession Resulting from the Māhele of 1848. Thesis. University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, 2010. Print.
This article was a key secondary source because it re-examined the lasting effects of the Great Māhele on the Hawaiian people. This analysis provided further insight into the significance of the Great Māhele and the Kuleana Act that followed.
Rhodes, Diane Lee. "Cultural History of Three Traditional Hawaiian Sites (Chapter 5)." Cultural History of Three Traditional Hawaiian Sites (Chapter 5). N.p., 15 Nov. 2001. Web. 28 Jan. 2014. <http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/kona/history5g.htm>.
This source shares why the Great Māhele was important to Hawaiʻi. It distinguishes why it was important to Hawaiʻi.
Stuhr, Brian. "Haole in Hawaiʻi." Haole in Hawaii. N.p., 10 Nov. 2013. Web. 30 Jan. 2014. <http://www.haoleinhawaii.com/author/haolestuhr/>.
This is an image showing an ahupuaʻa going from the top of the mountain to the sea. It shows the daily activities, chores, rights, and responsibilities that every person has in that ahupuaʻa.
"SURFING FOR LIFE – Hawaiian Culture." SURFING FOR LIFE – Hawaiian Culture. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Jan. 2014. <http://www.surfingforlife.com/culture.html>.
This is an image displaying native Hawaiians taking responsibility in their daily life by gathering resources not only for themselves, but for others as well. Before the Kuleana act took place, Hawaiians had a right and responsibility to gather resources from the land for themselves and their family.
"Third Reich History: March 7." Third Reich History: March 7. N.p., 14 June 2014. Web. 01 Feb. 2014. <http://kb.com.tripod.com/0307.html>.
This image shows native tenants outside of their home doing their daily chores.
"WHY 6000+ HOMELESS IN HAWAII? TRAVEL, CULTURE, ADVENTURE...." YouTube. YouTube, 28 June 2013. Web. 01 Feb. 2014. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SVjMAfzyu8A>.
This is a video dissecting the impact that homelessness has on Hawaiʻi. It also shows that the Kuleana Act of 1850 was not the only contribution to the homeless population in Hawaiʻi. There are many other factors that come into play.
Wilson, Juan. "Island Breath: TGI Column - Hawaiian Nation - Part One." Island Breath: TGI Column - Hawaiian Nation - Part One. N.p., 25 Apr. 2008. Web. 26 Jan. 2014. <http://www.islandbreath.org/2008Year/20-TGI_column/0820-28HawaiiNationPart1.html>.
This is an image showing an ahupuaʻa on the Big Island of Hawaiʻi. It shows how the Hawaiians would live their daily life in their ahupuaʻa.
A Broken Trust the Hawaiian Homelands Program: Seventy Years of Failure of the Federal and State Governments to Protect the Civil Rights of Native Hawaiians. Washington, D.C.: Commission, 1991. Print.
This report describes many of the disadvantages that Native Hawaiians have faced because they have been denied their native tenant rights. This highlighted the lasting impacts of the Great Māhele and the Kuleana Act.
Chinen, Jon J. Original Land Titles in Hawaii. Honolulu?: n.p., 1961. Print.
This source talks about how land was distributed before the Kuleana Act of 1850 took its toll in Hawaiʻi. The information gathered from this was about the ahupuaʻa system and the significance of that system in the Hawaiian society.
Chinen, Jon J. The Great Mahele: Hawaii's Land Division of 1848. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii, 1966. Print.
This source explained the effects of the Great Māhele in 1848. This document provided important information concerning the events that led up to the Kuleana Act that impacted the rest of the Hawaiian population.
Cooper, Bradley H. K. A Trust Divided Cannot Stand: An Analysis of Native Hawaiian Land Rights. 2nd ed. Vol. 67. Honolulu, HI: Temple Law Review, 1994. Print.
This source provided analysis of Native Hawaiian tenant rights as a whole. This added to the background information concerning Native Hawaiian tenant rights and discussed some of the Native Hawaiian land trust.
Hasager, Ulla. Indigenous Rights, Praxis, and Social Institutions. University of Hawaii. Web. 15 Nov. 2013.
This report discussed where Native Hawaiian rights stand in modern society. This piece broke down tenant rights to a basic level and described some of the development of native tenant rights.
Hawaiian Laws, 1841-1842. Green Valley, NV: T. Adameck, 1994. Print.
This piece served as a primary source because it recounted the content of the Constitution of 1840 and other laws that were established in Hawai‘i nearly a decade before the Great Māhele and the Kuleana Act. This source provided understanding about how the Kuleana Act infringed upon Native Hawaiian tenant rights.
Kay, E. A., Robert C. Schmitt, and Helen G. Chapin. Hawaiian Journal of History. Vol. 30. Honolulu: Hawaiian Historical Society, 1996. Print.
This source talked about the impact that the Kuleana Act of 1850 made in Hawaiʻi. It also talked about the externalities that took effect.
Laenui, Pōkā. Hawaiian Indigenous Rights, Decolonization & Democratic Ideals: A Tough Balancing Act! Waianae, HI: Institute for the Advancement of Hawaiian Affairs, 1994. Print.
This source traced the colonization of Hawai‘i by recounting the immigration of foreigners. This provided an understanding of the origin of the Great Māhele, which divided land among Hawaiian chiefs and foreigners. Finally, this work recounted the effects of the arrival of foreigners on native tenant rights.
Perkins, Mark U. "Kuleana: A Genealogy Of Native Tenant Rights." Diss. University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, 2013. Print.
This document provided valuable understanding of Native Hawaiian tenant rights before and after the Great Māhele and Kuleana Act. This dissertation was also valuable because of the information it provided concerning native tenant rights cases in more recent years.
Preza, Donovan C. The Emperical Writes Back: Re-Examining Hawaiian Dispossession Resulting From The Māhele of 1848. N.p.: n.p., 2010. Print.
This source re-examines the results of the Kuleana Act and how it impacted the people of Hawiʻi.
Secondary Sources
Armitage, Kimo, and Solomon Enos. Akua Hawaiʻi: Hawaiian Gods and Their Stories. Honolulu, HI: Bishop Museum, 2005. Print.
This was a secondary source that provided insight into Hawaiian legends, particularly the story of Hāloa. Because these stories have been passed down from one generation to the next, this source could potentially be classified as primary as well.
Benjamin, Patricia. "Untitled Document." Untitled Document. N.p., 18 Jan. 2001. Web. 27 Jan. 2014.
This is an image showing how commoners in Hawaiʻi would survive off the land using the resources within their ahupuaʻa. If the resources needed were not at hand, they would go to another ahupuaʻa and ask permission for that resource.
Bookin, Levi. "Third Reich History: March 7." Third Reich History: March 7. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Feb. 2014. <http://kb.com.tripod.com/0307.html>.
This source is a website showing a timeline from the beginning of the Great Māhele in 1848 to the cold war in 1945. It gives a brief summary of what the Great Māhele was about.
Castele, Nick. "Report on Hawaii's Homeless Doesn't Tell Whole Story." Honolulu Civil Beat. Peer News LLC, 11 Nov. 2011. Web. 28 Jan. 2014. <http://www.civilbeat.com/articles/2011/11/23/13985-report-on-hawaiis-homeless-doesnt-tell-whole-story/>.
This is a report talking about Hawaiʻi’s homeless and how the Kuleana Act of 1850 is not the only contribution to the population of homelessness in Hawaiʻi.
Garovoy, Jocelyn B. "Integrating Kuleana Rights and Land Trust Priorities in Hawai‘i." Harvard Environmental Law Review 29 (2005): 523-71. Harvard is Environmental Law Review. Web. 12 Nov. 2013. <http://www.law.harvard.edu/students/orgs/elr/vol29_2/garovoy.pdtttf>.
This secondary source described many of the issues that Hawaiians and lawmakers face as they attempt to understand and incorporate Native Hawaiian tenant rights into modern laws. This piece definitely put many of these modern challenges with the Kuleana Act into perspective.
"Hawaii Homelessness." Honolulu Civil Beat. Peer News LLC, 2010-2013. Web. 28 Jan. 2014. <http://www.civilbeat.com/topics/hawaii-homelessness/>.
This is another article talking about the problems that homelessness is creating for Hawaiʻi. It shows the externalities that homelessness has in Hawaiʻi and the impact that it is making not only on Hawaiian society, but for tourists in Waikīkī as well.
Preza, Donovan C. The Emperical Writes Back: Re-examining Hawaiian Dispossession Resulting from the Māhele of 1848. Thesis. University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, 2010. Print.
This article was a key secondary source because it re-examined the lasting effects of the Great Māhele on the Hawaiian people. This analysis provided further insight into the significance of the Great Māhele and the Kuleana Act that followed.
Rhodes, Diane Lee. "Cultural History of Three Traditional Hawaiian Sites (Chapter 5)." Cultural History of Three Traditional Hawaiian Sites (Chapter 5). N.p., 15 Nov. 2001. Web. 28 Jan. 2014. <http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/kona/history5g.htm>.
This source shares why the Great Māhele was important to Hawaiʻi. It distinguishes why it was important to Hawaiʻi.
Stuhr, Brian. "Haole in Hawaiʻi." Haole in Hawaii. N.p., 10 Nov. 2013. Web. 30 Jan. 2014. <http://www.haoleinhawaii.com/author/haolestuhr/>.
This is an image showing an ahupuaʻa going from the top of the mountain to the sea. It shows the daily activities, chores, rights, and responsibilities that every person has in that ahupuaʻa.
"SURFING FOR LIFE – Hawaiian Culture." SURFING FOR LIFE – Hawaiian Culture. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Jan. 2014. <http://www.surfingforlife.com/culture.html>.
This is an image displaying native Hawaiians taking responsibility in their daily life by gathering resources not only for themselves, but for others as well. Before the Kuleana act took place, Hawaiians had a right and responsibility to gather resources from the land for themselves and their family.
"Third Reich History: March 7." Third Reich History: March 7. N.p., 14 June 2014. Web. 01 Feb. 2014. <http://kb.com.tripod.com/0307.html>.
This image shows native tenants outside of their home doing their daily chores.
"WHY 6000+ HOMELESS IN HAWAII? TRAVEL, CULTURE, ADVENTURE...." YouTube. YouTube, 28 June 2013. Web. 01 Feb. 2014. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SVjMAfzyu8A>.
This is a video dissecting the impact that homelessness has on Hawaiʻi. It also shows that the Kuleana Act of 1850 was not the only contribution to the homeless population in Hawaiʻi. There are many other factors that come into play.
Wilson, Juan. "Island Breath: TGI Column - Hawaiian Nation - Part One." Island Breath: TGI Column - Hawaiian Nation - Part One. N.p., 25 Apr. 2008. Web. 26 Jan. 2014. <http://www.islandbreath.org/2008Year/20-TGI_column/0820-28HawaiiNationPart1.html>.
This is an image showing an ahupuaʻa on the Big Island of Hawaiʻi. It shows how the Hawaiians would live their daily life in their ahupuaʻa.